歷史思與行 王昭君（約公元前54年—公元前19年）出生於西漢 南郡秭歸（今湖北省宜昌市興山縣），她是漢元帝（公 元前75年—公元前33年）的宮女，後來被派去匈奴和 親。她與西施、貂蟬、楊玉環合稱中國古代「四大美 人」，留下「昭君出塞」、「平沙落雁」、「畫工棄市」等 故事。 1. 王昭君為何在歷史上 獲得正面評價？ 2. 歷史上還有哪些人像 王昭君一樣，為和平 而遠赴外地和親？ 3. 文學與歷史學有何關 係？文學又如何影響 歷史研究？ 星島教室 作者介紹 元朗公立中學校友會 鄧兆棠中學 中國歷史科科主任 黎慧芬 文化知識 ？！ 本欄逢周一刊登，由教育評議會邀請資深中小學老師及校長撰稿，以趣味手法，透過中國朝代的重要事件、史地、器物及人物，甚至朝代人物之超越時空故事，引發讀者對歷史的認識及興趣。 32 — 92 211 — 265 398 — 445 ) 38 — 33 — 31 283 — 343 1250 — 1324 472 — 519 540 — 609 772 — 846 1021 — 1086 1715 — 1763 ■位於呼和浩特王昭君墓前 的雕像。 ■漢代古長城以防匈奴 來犯。 讀社論學 英文 Amid the severe fiscal deficit, Financial Secretary Paul Chan Mo-po's reduction of "sweeteners" in the Budget was expected. But what came as a surprise was the withdrawal of all "spicy measures" in the property market accompanied by the Hong Kong Monetary Authority's suspension of the stress testing requirement that assumes a 200-basis-point rise in the mortgage rate, back to the era without "spicy measures" 14 years ago. It is hard to tell whether the withdrawal will lead to speculation for the time being, but it will, at least, improve the atmosphere, boost public confidence and stabilize the market, all conducive to recovery and fiscal revenue to get rid of the deficit sooner. The $101.6 billion deficit is largely due to the weak market that resulted in a revenue of only $19.4 billion from land premiums - $65.6 billion less than the original estimate. As a stimulation, the government last October eased the "spicy measures" which had been in place for about 14 years to manage the supply and demand, but the result was not satisfactory. There were calls for further scrapping. Now the withdrawal is not a bad thing because harsh taxes have been criticized as distorting market operation. The tougher the measures, the more property prices rise, but now the market has regained its autonomy. Putting Metropolis ahead of Kau Yi Chau The immediate reaction of property owners raising or holding back their offers causes concerns about a resurgence of speculation. The government introduced "spicy measures" in 2010 owing to rampant speculation and they were later stepped up. But property prices were still not under control, because there were many factors behind, including global central banks' cash release and prolonged ultra-low interest rate environment. Banks were flooded with cash that flowed into the property and stock markets. With the growing burden in mortgage repayment brought by the US Federal Reserve hiking interest rates substantially in recent years and great increase in the supply of first-hand flats in the next few years, the market took a turn. Property prices may not necessarily soar after the withdrawal, but there will be strategic gaming between buyers and sellers. 100,000 professionals from talent importation schemes have created a strong demand for flats. After tough measures are scrapped, the threshold for buying a first home will be considerably lowered. This will draw professionals, people changing flats, investors and speculators to increase transaction volume. Property prices, however, will not necessarily rise because more than 25,000 new flats are to be completed this year and there are 20,000 new units left over. These will take time to sell. The government is also putting up eight sites for sale in the new fiscal year. Together with MTRC and Urban Renewal Authority projects' 15,000 units, it sends home a message of a strong supply leaving not much room for speculation. Therefore, property prices may stabilize in the short term as the transaction volume rises, but the ultimate direction will depend on fundamental factors such as when the Federal Reserve will cut interest rates as well as the economic situation. The government's estimate of $33 billion - a 70 per cent increase - in land premium revenue shows that the authorities also believe the withdrawal will boost confidence. When the market stabilizes and developers' confidence restored, there will be no worry about recovery in land sales. The recurrent expenditure is expected to eliminate the deficit in two years. The government is a bit optimistic. Hong Kong is, after all, an open economy, largely affected by external situations, while there is still downward pressure on Europe, the US and mainland. As many infrastructure projects are launched, expenditures will only increase, so issuance of bonds is the safest way to increase the revenue in the short run. Chan stated that bonds will be issued annually around $95 billion to $135 billion in the next five years to push the Northern Metropolis and other infrastructure projects. This is a rare occasion of large-scale bond issuance for these projects. However, a huge amount of capital is involved. The authorities can only set priorities according to the financial situation. So, mature projects will move ahead, while the projects in the pipeline will be determined by their significance. Chan spoke for the first time on the prioritization of Northern Metropolis and Kau Yi Chau projects. The two major ventures will move on, but the former will have priority. That is, reclamation works will be postponed. Under a high fiscal deficit, Chan has formulated a consolidation plan to raise revenue and reduce expenditure with a view to achieving equilibrium as soon as possible. Although there are no major measures to increase revenue, a two-tier system for salaries and income taxes has been introduced. People earning more than $5 million a year will face a tax rate increase of one percentage point to 16 per cent. If the deficit stands high, there can be further increases. Review $2 fare concession to avoid burden In cutting expenditures, apart from freezing the civil service establishment, the authorities have made it clear that the $2 fare concession for the elderly and the public transport fare subsidy scheme will be reviewed. The former has long been criticized for being abused, resulting in the surge of expenditure from $1.3 billion in 2019/20 to $4 billion this year - increasing over two folds. The authorities will neither abolish the concessionary fare nor change the eligibility age of 60 to avoid arousing resentment in the elderly. So, it can only try optimisation. The options under consideration are said to include setting a ceiling on the number of rides per month, standardizing the subsidized fare at not more than $10 for each trip. Fares higher than $10 may require payment at an 80 per cent discount to stop people from taking long-haul routes for short-haul trips, ensuring not to cause significant pressure on public finance but spending cost-effectively. 翻譯自2月29日《星島日報》社論 （http://std.stheadline.com/） distort (v) —— 扭曲 resurgence (n) —— 復甦 rampant (adj) —— 猖獗的 ultimate (adj) —— 終極的 recurrent (adj) —— 經常性的 optimistic (adj) —— 樂觀的 equilibrium (n) —— 平衡 concession (n) —— 優惠 fiscal deficit —— 財政赤字 stress testing —— 壓力測試 strategic gaming —— 博弈 transaction volume —— 交投量 Receiving an addi t ional al locat ion of $971 million over the next three fiscal years as part of the Budget, the Hong Kong Tourism Board wi l l adopt new strategies including developing diverse tour ist exper iences, organizing and support ing mega events, stepping up promot ions in visi tor source and joining hands wi th the indust ry to enhance the capacity to receive visitors. 1. The word _____ in the first paragraph is the opposite of "introduction". 2. Scrapping all "spicy measures" may not necessarily make _____ prices soar. 3. In the passage, the word _____ means "comeback". 4. Chan Mo-po's plan is to raise revenue and reduce expenditure for achieving _____. 5. According to the last paragraph, the $2 fare _____ for the elderly should be reviewed. Answers 1. withdrawal 2. property 3. resurgence 4. equilibrium 5. concession & Q A Vocabulary Useful Terms Did you know? "Spicy measures" gone, autonomous market is good 翻譯︰George D6 侷芎 11.20.2024 星期三 ︽漢書︾ 東漢班固所 代史一。部著紀，傳是體中斷國第 和親 意思與。外親族，本聯後義姻來為的亦和有睦相 王昭君傳奇 名字與相貌之謎？ 有關王昭君的記載最早見於東漢班固︵ 年 年︶所寫的 ︽漢書︾ ︿匈奴傳﹀： ﹁單于自言願婿漢氏以自親。元帝以後宮良家子王牆字昭君 賜單于﹂；同為 ︽漢書︾的 ︿元帝紀﹀載： ﹁賜單于待詔掖庭王檣為閼氏。﹂ 意即漢元帝選宮女王檣賜予呼韓邪單于為閼氏︵單于皇后︶ 。有關王昭 君的記載其實僅僅約數十字。 王昭君獲不少史書記載，但部分出現矛盾。先在名字方面，︽漢 書︾︿匈奴傳﹀ 記載：﹁王牆字昭君﹂ ，但同為︽漢書︾ 的︿元帝紀﹀ 又指王 昭君的名字為﹁王檣﹂ 。於︽後漢書︾ ︿南匈奴列傳 中，又稱 ﹁昭君字 嬙﹂， ﹁昭君﹂變了本名， ﹁嬙﹂反而成為了字。 ︽漢書︾︿匈奴傳﹀ 王昭君又號﹁寧胡閼氏﹂ ，當中﹁寧胡﹂ 帶有讓匈奴 安寧，和平的意思，對應和親的本意。漢元帝亦因此事改元 ﹁竟寧﹂ ︵漢元帝的第四個年號︶，可見漢元帝對睦鄰匈奴的盼望。 後人又間稱昭君為﹁明妃﹂ ，這實源於晉人為避司馬昭︵ 年 年︶諱，才稱她為明君，後人遂稱她為明妃。 有關昭君樣貌之絕色，漢代史書本無有關陳述，實乃源自後來南 朝時范曄︵年 年的︽後漢書︾ ︿南匈奴列傳﹀的記載： ﹁昭君入宮數歲，不得見御，積悲怨，乃請掖庭令求行。呼韓邪 臨辭大會，帝召五女以示之。君豐容靚飾，光明漢宮，顧景裴回， 竦動左右。帝見大驚，意欲留之，而難於失信，遂與匈奴。生二子。 及呼韓邪死，其前閼氏子代立，欲妻之，昭上書求歸，成帝敕令從 胡俗，遂復為後單于閼氏焉。﹂ 當中﹁豐容靚飾，光明漢宮，顧景裴回，竦動左右﹂ 能充分體現 王昭君﹁落雁﹂ 之美，亦可明白後人把王昭君封為﹁四大美人﹂ 之因。 被畫師毛延壽醜化？ 王昭君於建昭元年︵公元前年︶被選入宮成為宮女。傳說當時 漢元帝命令宮廷畫師毛延壽︵？公元前 年︶畫下宮女的容貌，然 後參考畫作上宮女的美醜來選入後宮。毛延壽借此勒索宮女財物， 王昭君拒絕，於是毛延壽便刻意將王昭君在畫中的形象醜化，致使 王昭君落選。 王昭君亦因此失望，後來匈奴首領呼韓邪單于︵？公元前 年︶朝見漢元帝，她請求外嫁匈奴。離開前，漢元帝終於得見王昭君 的美貌，亦得悉毛延壽的欺君之罪，大怒下令將毛延壽等多位畫師 一同抄家棄市，京師的畫師因此變得稀少，這便是﹁畫工棄市﹂ 的故 事。 以上種種源自東晉葛洪︵ 年 年︶相傳所著的筆記小說 ︽西京 雜記︾，內裏記載了很多西漢軼事典故： ﹁元帝後宮既多，不得常見，乃使畫工圖形，案圖召幸之。諸 宮人皆賂畫工，多者十萬少者亦不減五萬。獨王嬙不肯，遂不得 見。匈奴入朝，求美人為閼氏，於是上案圖，以昭君行。及去，召 見，貌為後宮第一，善應對，舉止閑雅。帝悔之，而名籍已定。帝 重信於外國，故不復更人。乃窮案其事，畫工皆棄巿，籍其家，資 皆巨萬。畫工有杜陵毛延壽，為人形醜好老少，必得其真。安陵 陳敞，新豐劉白、龔寬，並工為牛馬飛鳥眾勢，人形好醜，不逮延 壽。下杜陽望亦善畫尤善布色樊育亦善布色。同日棄巿。京師 畫工，於是差稀。﹂ 毛延壽其實只是位列文中的首位畫師，但並未提到他就是將王 昭君醜化的畫師。只是因為內容首提到他的名字後人將之聯想在 一起，毛延就背上畫醜王昭君的罪名，而所謂毛氏在昭君畫像上 加上一顆痣的事情更不見得有記載。況且︽西京雜記︾ 只是小說集， 裏面所載的故事未能足信。 出塞與匈奴臣服 王昭君遠嫁匈奴後，邊疆的局勢似得以緩和。︽漢書︾ ︿匈奴傳﹀中 記載：﹁元帝以後宮良家子王牆字昭君賜單于。單于驩喜，上書願保 塞上谷以西至敦煌，傳之無窮，請罷邊備塞吏卒，以休天子人民。﹂ 匈 奴首領更派兒子到漢朝當人質，漢朝亦禮待之若上賓。匈奴不再派兵 侵擾漢朝，兩者之間多年再無戰爭。 然而，有觀點認為漢元帝時期與匈奴的和平局勢與王昭君無關， 學者認為漢元帝時匈奴已日益衰敗，而當時的漢朝緊接昭宣之治，仍 留有強大國力，匈奴的臣服未必完全與王昭君有關。然而，王昭君促 成漢室與匈奴之間交流的象徵意義是毋庸置疑的。 影響後世的﹁王昭君文化﹂ 王昭君的影響既在一時，亦在後世，其衍生出古往今來的﹁王昭 君文化﹂。 ﹁王昭君文化﹂指與王昭君有關的詩詞、小說及民間故事等， 例子包括﹁昭君出塞﹂ 、﹁平沙落雁﹂ 、﹁畫工棄市﹂ 等故事。元代文人馬 致遠︵約年 年︶根據 ︽西京雜記︾ ﹁畫工棄市﹂的故事創作出雜劇 ︽破 幽夢孤雁漢宮秋︾，甚至加入毛延壽叛國、匈奴興兵索求王昭君，漢 朝屈辱服從的情節。此外，據統計，以王昭君作題材的詩詞亦有超過 一千首，遍布不同朝代，包括漢代周仲︵生卒年不詳︶ 的︿昭君鏡﹀ 、魏 晉南北朝何遜︵約年 約 年︶的 ︿昭君怨﹀、隋朝薛道衡 ︵ 年 年︶ 的︿昭君辭﹀ 、唐代白居易︵ 年 年︶的 ︿過昭君村﹀、宋代王安 石︵年 年︶的 ︿明妃曲二首﹀、明代李昱 ︵生卒年不詳︶ 的︿王昭君 歌﹀、清代曹雪芹 ︵ 年 年︶的 ︿五美吟．明妃﹀等，這些詩詞描繪 及塑造了她浪漫及悲劇的形象。今時今日，內蒙古自治區的呼和浩特 市會定期舉辦昭君文化節，昭君文化源於民間的昭君廟會，具體活 動包括民族歌舞等。由於昭君墓位於呼和浩特市，而且王昭君加強了 中原與邊疆的交流與合作，因此呼和浩特市積極舉辦此活動，以弘揚 ﹁王昭君文化﹂，大家有機會真的要去當地感受一下。 無論如何，帶有傳奇色彩王昭君，在她的身上體現中華民族 ﹁以和為貴﹂的特質， ﹁自請出塞和親﹂之舉，體現了王昭君的智慧與勇 氣，美麗與堅韌，這些都是中華民族的傳統美德，其精神與品德我們 都必須好好承傳。另外，昭君出塞，促進了漢匈之間的經濟文化交 流，加強了彼此的聯繫，為後來中華民族的發展作出貢獻。在文學與 文化方面，她遠嫁匈奴的偉大舉動，其淒美的傳說實為後世遺留了 珍貴的文化意義和創作價值。
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