作者介紹 歷史思與行 提起中國四大名著之一《西遊記》， 一般人都會立刻想起精通七十二變的主 角——花果山水簾洞美猴王齊天大聖孫 悟空。但其實比孫行者更重要的角色是 「唐三藏」玄奘法師，沒有他西遊取經的事 跡，也就沒有風靡後世的《西遊記》了。 1. 玄奘不怕艱辛西遊取經的學佛 精神，對現今學生有何啟發？ 2. 近代不少關於印度佛教聖地、 佛像的考古挖掘，都有參考 《大唐西域記》，試搜尋相關報 道，了解考古工作與典籍之間 的關係。 3. 歷史上玄奘的事跡和《西遊記》 中玄奘的形象有迥異之處。你 認為《西遊記》的改動可取嗎？ 星島教室 本欄由教育評議會邀請資深中小學老師及校長撰稿，以趣味手法，透過中國朝代的重要事件、史地、器物及人物，甚至朝代人物之超越時空故事，引發讀者對歷史的認識及興趣。 10 12 24 629 5 645 17 138 520 657 75 1335 646 12 140 3 風采中學（教育評議會主辦） 中國語文科科主任 羅穎㤺 風采中學（教育評議會主辦） 中國語文科老師 符嘉穎 「三藏」釋義 ■西安大雁塔玄奘法師塑像 讀社論學 英文 Singapore yesterday evening completed its third power transfer since independence. Lawrence Wong Shyun Tsai was sworn in as the fourth prime minister and the second not surnamed Lee, marking the end of the Lee dynasty. With a grassroots background, Wong has a very different style from his predecessors, often sharing family stories such as videos of spending time with pets and playing guitar on social media to build up a publicfriendly image. There are concerns about how this "grassroots elite" will lead Singapore to new heights amid domestic and international challenges. In his inaugural speech, Wong said that he would lead new age leaders with a different style and called upon Singaporeans to adopt a new mindset in overcoming challenges to create a better life amid turbulence. Listening to public demand for change Inherited from former Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong is a developed country with a per capita GDP of US$88,450. The handover arrangement followed the previous practice of Goh Chok Tong and Lee Hsien Loong's with Lee Kuan Yew and Goh Chok Tong acting as senior ministers respectively to provide guidance when it comes to important matters and ensure stable progress. Nevertheless, Wong faces many, perhaps even more difficult, internal and external challenges. Although Singapore's per capita GDP is the highest in Asia, its cost of living is also the highest in Asia Pacific, with property prices surpassing Hong Kong's last year to become Asia's most expensive while aggravating inflation. In addition, the aging population and low birth rate have led to over reliance on imported labour. A population with 40 per cent non-citizens breeds public discontent with immigrants, widening the gap between the rich and the poor - a cause for concern. Though the ruling People's Action Party (PAP) retained its status as the parliament's largest party in the last general election, its support dropped to 61 per cent, while the opposition gained 10 seats, reflecting young voters' desire for change and disgust with the paternalistic governance. Wong's victory may be a manifestation for change. This grassroots PM thanking frontline workers in tears during the pandemic helped change perception of the ruling party as being elitist and indifferent. It also sent home the message of a more down-to-earth ruling party. Singapore will hold a general election next year at the latest. Winning trust will be Wong's foremost important challenge. After listening to different sectors, he realized that the new generation no longer measured achievements by material success. They want more meaningful contribution. So, he will remain open and consultative while listening carefully to forge community consensus, indicating that if he wins a majority of seats and forms a government, he will bring in more young people to strengthen the governing team. Another challenge is boosting the stock market. Although many Hong Kong-based western companies and investment banks relocated their headquarters to Singapore during the 2019 riots and the following three-year pandemic, the local stock market has been weak with only seven IPO listings last year, raising a bare US$300 million. More than 20 companies de-listed. It is because Singapore is positioned as a capital market of Southeast Asia, but Indonesia, India and Malaysia are actively developing their own stock markets leaving no incentive for enterprises to list on the Singapore Exchange. Its average daily turnover is only US$1.19 (HK$9.3) billion, no match for Hong Kong's over HK$110 billion. Its stock market will thus not be easy to revitalize. An even bigger challenge is diplomacy. Wong was awarded an official scholarship to study abroad, joined the civil service after graduation and is very familiar with the government internal affairs, but he lacks diplomatic experience. So, he will follow suit and use a balanced strategy of not choosing sides between China and the US as Lee Hsien Loong did. Balanced diplomacy under pressure During interviews over the past few days, Wong emphasized that Singapore could not get caught up in a geopolitical whirlpool, and must adhere to the principle of acting in the interest of the country consistently. However, the US has gone to the extreme in curbing China, ignoring all rules to practise unilateralism and trade protectionism pushing allies to choose sides. If Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump wins the election in November, the Sino-US struggle will only get more intense, which will not only pose a serious challenge for Singapore in pursuing balanced diplomacy but also test Wong's ability to withstand pressure. It is not easy for this first grassroots PM to face social demand for change and stand firm amid turbulent geopolitics. If he can cope well, he is expected to create a new path built on the foundation laid by his predecessor. 翻譯自5月16日《星島日報》社論 （http://std.stheadline.com/） predecessor (n) —— 前任 breed (v) —— 招致 manifestation (n) —— 顯現 perception (n) —— 觀感 down-to-earth (adj) —— 接地氣的 relocate (v) —— 遷移 de-list (v)—— 退市 unilateralism (n) —— 單邊主義 Vocabulary inaugural speech—— 就職演說 paternalistic governance—— 家長式管治 internal affair—— 內政 geopolitical whirlpool—— 地緣政治漩渦 Useful Terms Wong Shyun Tsai, 51, comes from among a crop of so-called "4G" leaders, a new generation of politicians that were hand-picked by the long-ruling PAP. He is also the first Singaporean leader born after its independence in 1965. He pledged to lead "with humility and a deep sense of duty" toward Singapore and its 5.9 million people. Did you know? Singapore's new grassroots PM faces huge challenges 翻譯︰George 1. The word ___________ in the second paragraph is the opposite of "calm". 2. A _____ minister will provide guidance to a new prime minister. 3. In the passage, the word _____ means "invariably". 4. The US practises _____ and trade protectionism with allies. 5. According to the last paragraph, Wong is expected to create a new path built on the _____ laid by his predecessor. Answers 1. turbulence 2. senior 3. consistently 4. unilateralism 5. foundation & Q A ■玄奘取經路線 D6 侷芎 01.10.2025 星期五 智勇雙全的玄奘法師 誰是玄奘法師？ 歷史上，玄奘法師真有其人，而且是中國歷史上偉大的宗教 家、翻譯家、旅行家。玄奘俗名陳禕，年幼父母雙亡， 歲就被送 到白馬寺，年僅 歲已獲法號玄奘，歲已精通經律論，獲得﹁三 藏法師﹂的尊稱。 ﹁三藏﹂是指精通佛教聖典 ﹁經﹂、 ﹁律﹂、 ﹁論﹂的佛教僧侶法師， 因此其實﹁三藏﹂ 並非玄奘法師的尊稱，只是受到後世章回小說︽西 遊記︾的影響，令 ﹁唐三藏﹂一名更為深入民心。 玄奘潛心力學︽涅槃經︾ 、︽攝大乘論︾ 等經論，但感到各師所說 不一，為解疑惑，曾向唐太宗請求出外留學，但由於當時唐朝跟西 突厥之間關係緊張，大唐法律亦不允許僧人去西方，因此玄奘多次 申請西遊都不獲批准。貞觀三年︵ 年︶朝廷因饑荒允許百姓自行求 生，他從長安玉門關偷偷出境，經姑臧出敦煌及今新疆等地，先後 穿越沙漠和雪山，輾轉到達天竺。玄奘進入那爛陀寺習經律和梵 文，着重鑽研︽瑜伽師地論︾ ，兼學梵書︽聲明記論︾ 。 年後，玄奘遊歷印度，除記錄沿途風光民情之外，亦不忘宣 揚佛學、與人論辯經論觀點。玄奘在貞觀十九年︵ 年︶返回長安。 玄奘西行求法前後年，旅程經歷國，帶回大小乘佛教經律論共 夾， 部。有賴玄奘法師的堅毅和勇氣，獨自西遊求學，為中國 開拓了西域視野。 考古必備︽大唐西域記︾ ？ 玄奘歸國後，受到唐太宗的熱烈歡迎。由於玄奘西遊期間因其 佛學過人而聲名大噪，更與高昌王鞠文泰結拜，是高昌王的御弟， 太宗認為玄奘有外交政治潛能，一度游說他還俗從政。然而，玄奘 一再拒絕，表明只一心向佛。自此，玄奘便一直埋首翻譯經論的工 作。玄奘一生翻譯經論共部︵卷︶，著名的翻譯典著有 ︽大般若 經︾、 ︽心經︾等。除了將佛教經文翻譯傳入中國，玄奘亦將道教典 籍︽老子道德經︾ 翻譯為梵文，傳到印度，大大促進文化交流。 唐太宗非常重視西遊回來的玄奘命他記錄遊歷所見所聞，這 就是︽大唐西域記︾ ，簡稱︽西域記︾ 。它是由玄奘口述，門人辯機執 筆編集，於貞觀二十年︵年︶成書。 ︽大唐西域記︾共 卷，按地區 排列，其中包括新疆至南印度 多個國家，記錄當地的地理、氣 候、政治、宗教、人文風俗、語言等，對於後世研究宗教流傳、語 言解讀、印度歷史和文化等有極高參考價值。 虛實結合的 西遊記︾ 玄奘法師是真實存在的偉大人物，但大眾對他的認識卻多來自 明代章回小說︽西遊記︾ 。這以孫悟空為首的 個徒弟護送師父唐僧 前往西天取經的故事緊張刺激，詼諧幽默，使歷代讀者手不釋卷。 事實上，玄奘西行求法的事跡和貢獻備受推崇他的故事在民間 廣為流傳，成為了 家筆下的傳奇人物。宋代已有話本小說︽大 唐三藏取經詩話︾，至明代吳承恩集大成，寫成了膾炙人口的 ︽西遊 記︾。 ︽西遊記︾以玄奘的事跡為創作原型，但在小說中，他的出身、 經歷被神話化，因應情節需要，他又被添上軟弱迂腐的形象 ︽西遊記︾第八至十二回交代唐僧取經的緣起，當中寫道玄奘的 父親為陳狀元，外公是殷總管，而他在十世之前更是如來佛祖的二 徒弟金蟬子，只因聽法時打瞌睡，犯了輕慢佛法罪，被貶至人 間。這把歷史上玄奘的身世升格和神化，一來反映他在佛教史上和 人民心中的崇高地位，二來也合理地生出各路妖魔爭吃唐僧肉，以 求長壽長生的驚險故事。 按史實，玄奘在長安時對大、小乘佛學已有研究，為了向在那 爛陀寺講學的戒賢法師學習而決心西行。其時，因朝廷提防突厥， 他不獲批准出國；至他載譽歸國，唐太宗才轉而遣使迎接。而在 ︽西遊記︾中，玄奘雖聞達於長安，卻不知大乘教法。而他西行出於 各種機緣，包括如來佛祖請託觀音菩薩到東土尋善信求取真經，以 勸化眾生；唐太宗又求高僧主持水陸大會，超渡冥府孤魂，普諭世 人為善；最終玄奘既為追求法，也為大唐積善，以﹁御弟聖僧﹂ 的 身份到天竺國大雷音寺取大乘法三藏。此中虛實轉變，使玄奘 經增添弘壯大唐的因由，也凸顯玄奘排除萬難後才得道成佛。 孫悟空喧賓奪主 另一方面，史載取經路途艱苦，與玄奘同行者多放棄前行，因 此唐太宗極為推崇玄奘﹁乘危遠邁，杖策孤征﹂ 的精神。但在宋代話 本小說︽大唐三藏取經詩話︾ 中，改以團體取經，當中更增﹁猴行者﹂ 的角色，為一白衣秀才。至︽西遊記︾ ，吳承恩大大發揮了﹁猴行者﹂ 一角，塑造出機靈活潑的孫悟空，他多番為單純軟弱的玄奘化解困 境，成為幫助玄奘修成正果、不可或缺的豐滿角色。自此，玄奘的 故事被齊天大聖﹁喧賓奪主﹂ 了。 總之，玄奘西行的經歷與其弟子所寫的︽大唐西域記︾ ，對中國 佛教傳播等貢獻巨大。雖然︽西遊記︾ 的虛構成分多，但始終以玄奘 的故事為基礎；小說的精彩絕倫，為普羅大眾提供了認識玄奘法師 的途徑，而︽西遊記︾ 中頌揚的﹁世上無難事，只怕有心人﹂ 的信念， 也教化了一代代的讀者。 經 佛教教義的基本 依據，有關佛陀 教說之要義，皆 屬於經部類。 論 律 儀，佛有所制關訂佛的所律制 訂的生活規則， 皆屬於律部類。 對經、 律等佛 的闡釋述或典重。中要教思義想的解
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