星島教室 作者介紹 歷史思與行 談到中國的旅遊城市，通常聯想到的都是北京、上海、廣州等 著名的一線城市，又或者長沙、重慶、杭州等廣受遊客歡迎的地 方。但是，假如回到宋代，人們會如今日般到四處旅遊嗎？他們最 常到訪的，又會是哪些地方？原來，宋代人們都會旅遊，而且最常 遊覧的城市，是大家熟悉的東京；然而，此「東京」非彼「東京」，而 是北宋時期的首都開封。 1. 從北宋時期人們到開封 旅遊的習慣，可以看 到當時社會、經濟、 文化有何特點？ 2. 從開封匯聚各地遊人， 反映了宋代開封具備 甚麼功能和特色？ 3. 開封為甚麼能成為宋代 的旅遊中心？ 本欄，由教育評議會邀請資深中小學老師及校長撰稿，以趣味手法，透過中國朝代的重要事件、史地、器物及人物，甚至朝代人物之超越時空故事，引發讀者對歷史的認識及興趣。 中華基督教會基新中學 中國歷史科老師 陳梓俊 北宋佛寺及學府 ■《清明上河圖》中的遊人郊遊 㞭 大相國寺 位於開封的大型佛教中心，同時亦是匯聚各 地商人交易的商品集散中心，寺院四周各類 食店、商舖應有盡有。 太學 是宋代最高學府，設於國子監，培養官僚人 才，以儒學經典為主要課程，招生對象為士 子和官員子弟。 讀社論學 英文 During the recent 11th Beijing Xiangshan Forum, focus fell on whether interactions between US and Chinese military officials could ease tensions. However, China's primary purpose in organizing this large international military exchange platform is to establish an alternative voice in global security discussions dominated by the West. In particular, China aims to connect with countries in the southern hemisphere, express concern & stance on global peace and promote ceasefires in Ukraine & Gaza for strengthening its image as a world peace promoter. Connecting southern hemisphere for peace The most well-known international military forums, Germany's Munich Security Conference and Singapore's Shangri-La Dialogue, are both organized by the UKbased International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) and reportedly funded by the CIA. The purpose is to gather defence officials and experts from Europe and the AsiaPacific to guide their national security policies in line with US and western interests. China has hosted the forum since 2006, inviting global military officials and experts to establish a global security dialogue platform not dominated by the West. This year's forum, held from September 12 to 14, attracted more than 500 representatives from over 100 countries, including more than 30 defence ministers and military chiefs. Representatives from western organizations like the NATO and EU also attended the event, bringing new highs in participation and prominence. This reflects China's growing national strength and boosts international recognition of the forum. The focus was on interactions between US and Chinese military officers seen as a barometer for whether tensions had eased. The US sent its deputy assistant secretary of defence Michael Chase, who ranked higher than last year's representative. However, Chase is not a senior Pentagon official. His attendance was not for substantial negotiations with China but rather to show US support, reinforcing recent military engagement efforts. US national security adviser Jake Sullivan met with President Xi Jinping and other senior officials in Beijing late August. He also made a rare request of meeting with Zhang Youxia, vice chairman of China's Central Military Commission. Sullivan explained that the meeting was critical because it allowed him to hear the perspectives of Zhang's entire team on key issues. In addition, US Indo-Pacific Command chief Samuel Paparo spoke with his counterpart of the People's Liberation Army's Southern Theatre Command Wu Yanan last week, inviting Wu to Hawaii this week for the Indo-Pacific defence conference. Focus on Sino-US military interactions The US showed China respect through participation in the forum, while officials like Sullivan and Paparo pushed for communication with senior Chinese military leaders not to resolve major disputes like those over Taiwan Strait or the South China Sea but to prevent misunderstandings. In the past four years, US President Joe Biden has ramped up efforts to contain China. This includes elevating the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue with Japan, Australia and India into a leaders' summit for greater power to contain China, forming the AUKUS trilateral security partnership with the UK and Australia to deter it in the South China Sea, organizing the US-Japan-South Korea summit to counter it, Russia & North Korea while jointly reinforcing Philippines' military capabilities in hands with Japan and Australia to encourage provocations. Recently, the US is also planning to deploy medium-range missile launchers in Japan. US military containment & engagement is to avoid overreactions from China that could trigger unnecessary conflict. For China, interaction with the US was not the main focus. In his opening remarks, defence minister Dong Jun did not directly mention the US. China's priority is to amplify the voices of developing countries and balance the West-dominated international discourse. Dong said, "Every country, regardless of size or wealth, should have equal rights to participate in international affairs, express its needs and uphold its legitimate interests." China emphasizes that countries, whether large or small, rich or poor, have the right to speak for global peace. This is because the US and the West have fuelled the escalation of the Russia-Ukraine war and Gaza conflict, harming the interests of non-western countries. Global geopolitical risks have been heightened to drive up oil & food prices. Western sanctions on Russia have also disrupted global supply chains affecting developing countries. Furthermore, the US and NATO plan to allow Ukraine use of long-range western weapons to strike Moscow could escalate the war. The US has also condoned Israeli attacks on Lebanon and Syria spreading conflicts in the Middle East, exacerbating losses for developing nations. The Xiangshan Forum aims to provide these countries a platform to voice their concerns and work with China to push for ceasefires and peace. Earlier in September, China hosted the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation, enhancing its strategic partnership with 53 African countries. Training will be provided for African military and police with joint military exercises, etc. The gathering of high-level military officials from developing countries at the forum is likely to strengthen cooperation to push for global peace and order that favour them. The West will probably view the forum as a military exchange platform between China and developing countries against its dominance. A more accurate description, however, would be that China forges consensus with non-western nations to enhance their voices and break the western dominance over global security. 翻譯自9月18日《星島日報》社論 （http://std.stheadline.com/） 1. The word _____ in the first paragraph is the opposite of "fighting". 2. The Xiangshan Forum is to establish a global security _____ platform not dominated by the West. 3. In the passage, the word _____ means "intensifying". 4. The Xiangshan Forum will strengthen cooperation to push for international _____. 5. According to the last paragraph, China forges _____ with non-western nations to enhance their voices. Answers 1. ceasefires 2. dialogue 3. exacerbating 4. peace 5. consensus & Q A alternative (adj) ——另類的 ceasefire (n) ——停火 prominence (n) ——重要性 barometer (n) ——晴雨表 provocation (n) ——挑釁 overreaction (n) ——過激反應 amplify (v) ——增強 exacerbate (v) ——加劇 Voabulary southern hemisphere —— 南半球 missile launcher —— 導彈發射裝置 legitimate interest —— 合法權益 joint military exercise —— 聯合軍事演習 Useful Terms China's defence minister said that China would enhance military ties with its neighbours, saying major countries had to take a lead in safeguarding global security at the Xiangshan Forum in Beijing - China's biggest annual military diplomacy event. In a multipolar world, "no one can afford to be an outsider or onlooker," he added. Did you know? Beijing Xiangshan Forum – breaking western dominance 翻譯︰George D6 侷芎 02.14.2025 星期五 開封的繁華與魅力 北宋首都開封︵今河南省開封市︶ 不僅是當時的政治中心，更是全 國經濟、文化和軍事的重要樞紐。在宋代，開封的繁榮和發展達到 了歷史的高峰，成為當時世界上最大的城市之一。北宋時經貿發展茂 盛，有來自遼國、高麗、日本等的商人到訪順作旅遊，又加上國與國 之間僧人與道士互相交流傳播，致使開封出現國內外旅客到訪旅遊的 現象。 春遊勝地 北宋時純粹以觀光為目的的旅遊多見於節日期間，當中人們樂於 在寒食、清明等時節乘春日節氣踏青春遊。早於春秋戰國時代，中國 已建立春遊踏青的習俗，而踏入宋代，春遊的地點亦不僅限於郊外， 都市亦成為百姓的熱門出遊地點，甚至有居於其他地方的遊人特意到 訪開封湊熱鬧，乘節日作觀光旅遊成為開封旅遊的一大特色。 在︽東京夢華錄︾ 中就曾記述了在北宋清明節時開封熱鬧非常的情 況︰﹁士庶闐塞諸門，紙馬鋪皆於當街用紙袞疊成樓閣之狀。四野如 市，往往就芳樹之下，或園囿之間，羅列杯盤，互相勸酬。都城之歌 兒舞女，遍滿園亭，抵暮而歸。﹂ 宋代皇室的祭祖都會隆重其事，百姓亦會跟隨皇室隊伍出行，在 城內城外駐足圍觀，令郊外四野都仿如鬧市般熱鬧非常 。三月一日天子 駕臨金明池亦為開封一大重要盛事，吸引百姓到訪觀賞。金明池原為 水軍演練之用，後成為皇家園林，每當到清明節前後都會開放公眾， ﹁不禁遊人﹂。在金明池大殿的迴廊中有各式各樣的小販攤檔，如關撲 ︵賭博商品︶、衣着、小吃、賣藝等，引來各地遊人，熱鬧非常。這些 遊客中包含了各階層與身份的人，無論是士子、妓女、富家子弟到市 井流氓，都能各得其樂，甚至天氣未如理想都未能阻礙遊人雅興。 貿易中心 商務旅遊為北宋時相當常見的旅遊種類，其中以轉運貿易和貢賜 貿易為主。隨着北宋漕運的發展，商賈開始長途運送糧食到開封牟 利。這些從全國各地而來的貨品皆會集中於 大相國寺。據︽燕翼貽謀 錄︾記載，全國商賈轉運貿易 ，皆匯聚開封，成為全國貿易的中心。商 賈遠道而來，客棧和倉儲亦應運而生。 商人的商務旅遊，衍生了街西保康門瓦子滿街的旅館。為應付貨 物的暫存，宋人會建﹁塌房﹂ 作存倉之用，在汴河的兩岸便為繁忙的塌 房區，當中最著名的莫過於﹁十三間樓﹂ ，其位於大相國寺旁，盈利之 多，貨物滿載塌房，可見當時商務往來之茂盛，全國商賈聚集開封作 商務旅遊之景象。 開封除了吸引北宋國內的商人外其作國家政治中心亦吸引了 各國商使前來作貢賜貿易。據研究北宋期間僅宋、遼之間的商使 往來人數就超過一千六百人當中一半為遼使，到訪約三百次；而西 夏、女真、吐蕃、回鶻、西南夷等族則到訪開封約二百三十次；至於 高麗、日本和其他東南亞國家都曾多次派遣商使到訪開封進貢。 佛法交流 北宋朝廷提倡佛教和道教，歡迎外國僧侶到訪，而日本、高麗和 印度都曾有僧人到訪北宋作佛法交流。雖然總體數量相比國內觀光旅 遊和商務旅遊少，但仍構成了其中一種主要的開封都城旅遊目的。︽宋 史．日本傳︾中便以高達四分三的篇幅，記錄僧侶訪宋一事，反映朝廷 對其到訪之重視。 九八三年，然帶領七名弟子到開封謁見宋太宗，其後，寂照、 成尋、快宗、戒覺等日本僧侶相繼訪宋，均受到宋朝厚待。他們表明 並非來求法，而是希望到北宋的佛教聖地巡禮拜佛作宗教旅遊。除此 以外，高麗和天竺僧人亦曾屢次到訪開封。 士人遊學 士人遊學開封亦是宋代其中一個都市旅遊特色，是一種士人以學 習為目的之旅遊活動。士子都清楚，科舉為改善家族地位的最快捷 徑，但首要條件當然是基本的學習環境，鄉下地區雖偶有隱士從教， 但學術水平始終難以媲美全國政治和文化中心的開封。故此，士子到 訪京師追求學問旅程，成為了北宋都市旅遊的一大特色。 能晉身太學於地方而言，已經是揚名立萬的豐功偉績，足以記於 地方志留名千古，宋代人崇尚遊學京師，以﹁遊太學﹂ 自豪。
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