何謂「機械原理」？ 早於公元前2世紀，古希臘數學 家阿基米德（Archimedes）已在思考 「機械組成原理」，他認為「槓桿」、 「滑輪」及「螺旋」為「最簡單機械」， 並且是所有當時可能存在機械的根 本。 到了19世紀，德國機械工程師 法蘭斯．烏勞斯（Franz Reuleaux） 研究800種基本機械，指出「古典簡 單機械原理」可以分為「槓桿」、「滑 輪」、「輪軸」、「齒輪」、「斜面」和 「螺旋」。而「簡單機械」的共通點都 是沒有任何可動的組成部分，主要 用途是改變力的方向或大小。 鐘錶︰ 齒輪完美傳動 不論上課或上班，守時都是應 有的美德，手上的鐘錶使人容易達 到目標，但大家又有否想過，手上 的鐘錶是如何令自己守時呢？ 原來，一隻手錶，除了其表面 精美的圖案及時、分、秒針之外， 內部還有許多精密的齒輪。「齒輪」 用於傳送旋轉運動和動力，以正確 的速度比運作。它能承受較大的動 力負荷，亦可改變傳動力的方向。 這些齒輪的大小和齒數經過精心設 計，使時針、分針和秒針均能夠按 照正確的比例關係轉動。例如，秒 針每走一圈，分針走一小格，時針 走十二分之一小格，這種精確的時 間顯示，完全依賴齒輪之間完美的 傳動配合。 水龍頭及筷子︰ 槓桿神奇妙用 到了午餐時間，當然是先洗 手，後進食。大家打開水龍頭，30 秒的清潔動作完成後把水龍頭關 上。水龍頭裏的輪軸是「槓桿」原理 裝置的一種，使用時，當施力臂＞ 抗力臂，會省力；抗力臂＞施力 臂，則會費力。「以輪帶軸」是省力 工作方式；「以軸帶輪」是費力的工 作方式。平日使用的水龍頭便是其 中一個日常生活例子。 筷子雖然屬於費力槓桿，但操 作靈活，就如諾貝爾物理學獎得主 李政道曾指出：「筷子這兩根簡單的 東西，竟奇妙絕倫地展示了物理學 上的『槓桿』原理。筷子是人類手指 的延長，手指能夠做的事，它大都 能夠做。」凡可繞着一固定點而轉動 的硬棒，均可視為「槓桿」。槓桿沒 有形狀限制，利用槓桿，有的是為 了省力，有的是為了加速，有的是 為了操作方便（改變力的方向）。 螢幕臂架︰ 「連桿機構」實踐 大家在家或辦公室工作時，會 否覺得螢幕位置不對勁？符合人體 工學的螢幕臂架，能為大家的工作 空間增加靈活性，可任意調節螢幕 臂高度與角度至合適位置，以改善 工作姿勢。這「連桿機構」是以鉸 接、滑接的方式，將一組棒件連接 而成的機構，用以傳送運動、改變 運動方向和動力的機械組件。長期 使用，可有效紓緩因不良姿勢而引 致的肩頸痛，釋放身體所承受的壓 力。螢幕臂 架不止是把 螢幕抬高的 電腦產品， 透過螢幕支 架，能守護 頸椎，提升 舒適度，讓 使用體驗及 效率倍增。 汽車︰ 「瓦特連桿」免晃動 「連桿機構」在交通工具中以四 連桿構件最常見。「瓦特連桿」是英 國傳奇發明家兼工程師詹姆斯．瓦 特（James Watt）所發明，由一套三鏈 桿組成的中央控制臂被安置在一個 鋁製方形封蓋後方，當控制臂被從 左邊推動，它就向右邊拉動，反之 亦然。這樣的話，車子的動力就在 左右輪中得到了很好的平衡。車身 與後橋是由「瓦特連桿」連接在一 起的，車身左右晃動的時候， 並不會帶來後橋晃動。 單車︰ 「曲柄」傳送扭力 到戶外效遊，除了交通工具 或步行，踏單車也是很普遍的選 擇；當中會應用到「曲柄搖桿機構」 （Crank-rocker mechanism）。「曲柄」 是一種傳送扭力的機械結構，當輸 入的動力離開軸心越遠，相對地它 的輸出扭力便越大。 大家不妨仔細觀察各種看似理 所當然的事物，嘗試了解當中的機 械原理，你會有更多有趣的發現。 小思考，大智慧 舉出以上例子，只是想告訴大 家，生活中有很多應用機械原理的 工具。機械原理的種類繁多且結構 複雜，將機械分解為最基本的元件 就是「簡單機械」，它們分為槓桿、 滑輪、輪軸、齒輪、斜面和螺旋共6 種。試從日常生活中，列舉一些使 用以上6種「簡單機械」原理的例子。 參考答案 以下是使用「簡單機械」原理的 日常例子︰剪刀（槓桿）；滑梯（斜 面）；開酒器（螺旋）；自動門（輪軸）； 升降機（齒輪）；起重機（滑輪）。 星島教室 設計與應用科技 林錫忠 英華書院 設計與科技科/STEAM教育統籌 作者介紹 現代人生活繁忙，從早上起床後，刷 牙、洗臉、吃早餐；出門後，乘車、上 班、上學；每個生活細節，都涉及不少任 務。都市人不分大小老嫩，都可以一一順 利完成任務，當中看似簡單不過的過程， 其實運用了不少機械原理，你有發現嗎？ 本欄，由教育評議會邀請資深中小 學老師、校長及大學講師撰稿，旨在為 學生提供多元化的STEAM學習材料， 引發學生探求知識的興趣，將學習融入 生活，培養學生的世界觀、敏銳的觸 覺、積極學習的態度。 讀社論學 英文 The recent governance turmoil at the University of Hong Kong (HKU) disrupted its academic research, talent cultivation, international collaboration, etc., even causing considerable internal strife. Those concerned about local higher education have been hoping for swift recovery. The government's appointment of a new chairman and five members to the university council yesterday signals the end of the crisis. It is hoped that HKU leadership and academic community can unite, focus on the school's best interests, pursue bold reforms, foster innovation and prioritize education & research to strive for higher global rankings, or even contributing to creating an international higher education hub. CE intervention paves way for new start Higher educat ion inst i tut ions are places for scholar and talent development, not battlegrounds for power struggle. Management conflicts harm the university's reputation and stability, which is never desirable. HKU is now poised for a fresh start, thanks to the decisive intervention by Chief Executive John Lee Ka-chiu, who is also the university chancellor. He initiated a review of its operations through a task force comprising the Permanent Secretary for Education and the chairman of the University Grants Committee. Their recommendations led to council membership adjustments. Government intervention is necessary to remove negative factors and pave the way for rebuilding trust - a new chapter for the institution. Some have l ikened the conf l i ct s to a political drama. Now that council appointments are settled, they may frame the issue as a matter of "winning and losing". They are actually not concerned about the university's long-term interests. The government is really prioritizing development of the university and higher education, not deciding who wins. Only with a unified and stable environment will governance be enhanced and greater heights reached. Hong Kong is the only city in Asia with five universities ranked among the global top 100. According to the QS World University Rankings 2025, HKU is ranked 17th - a historic high, while continuing to lead locally. Notably, it ranks 27th worldwide for academic reputation, making it the only Hong Kong institution in the top 50. Without a unified and stable environment, internal conflicts would dilute efforts, probably diminishing competitiveness and al lowing rivals to overtake. State Counci l ' s Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office director Xia Baolong pointed out during a meeting earlier with the management of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University that university governance teams must possess not only a commitment to education but also the integrity to build mutual trust, unity and collaboration. This serves as a wake-up call. With the intervention restoring stability, HKU can focus on research and education while attracting world-class resources to further boost global ranking and reputation. Eliminating internal strife for win-win Being the oldest university in the SAR, HKU is intrinsically linked to the future of higher education. The universities, especially HKU, play a pivotal role in the government's vision of creating an international I&T centre and a global post-secondary education hub with a "Study in Hong Kong" brand. Once governance issues are resolved, HKU will have the conditions for substantial growth in teaching and research. In the long run, this will nurture strong national identity and global perspectives whi le attracting more international students and top scholars. These will then bolster Hong Kong's "golden signboard" in global higher education and reinforce its status as an international metropolis. HKU's new beginning sets the stage for a win-win scenario. 翻譯自2024年11月28日《星島日報》社論 （http://std.stheadline.com/） battleground (n) —— 戰場 poised (adj) —— 作好準備的 comprise (v) —— 組成 frame (v) —— 誣陷 dilute (v) —— 沖淡 intrinsically (adv) —— 本質上 vision (n) —— 願景 bolster (v) —— 提高 internal strife —— 內耗 mutual trust —— 互信 wake-up call —— 當頭棒喝 pivotal role —— 關鍵作用 Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation nonexecutive chairman Peter Wong Tung-shun has been named the new head of the University of Hong Kong governing council. Wong is also a member of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and has acted as a member of several public advisory bodies between 2004 and 2020. Answers 1. foster 2. struggle 3. poised 4. unified 5. hub Vocabulary Useful Terms Did you know? HKU new era strengthens international education hub role 翻譯︰George 1. The word _____ in the first paragraph is the opposite of "suppress". 2. There should be no power _____ in higher education institutions. 3. In the passage, the word _____ means "ready". 4. The government intervened to create a _____ and stable environment in HKU. 5. According to the last paragraph, HKU can contribute to creating an international _____ for post-secondary education. & Q A D6 侷芎 04.23.2025 星期三
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy ODc1MTYz