中國探月工程 這趟旅程，源於讓世界矚目 的中國探月工程的成就。自2004 年啟動「嫦娥工程」以來，中國一 直致力於探索月球的奧秘。「嫦娥 工程」分為「繞」、「落」、「回」3個 階段，旨在實現探測月球的全方 位突破。「繞」月階段的「嫦娥一號」 和「嫦娥二號」成功完成了月球探測 和測繪；「落」月階段的「嫦娥三號」 和「嫦娥四號」實現了登陸，後者更 是全球首次成功在月球背面着陸； 而「回」的階段，「嫦娥五號」成為第 一個為中國帶回月球樣本的任務， 「嫦娥六號」更完成全球首次從月球 背面帶回月球土壤的壯舉！ 2020年12月，「嫦娥五號」成功 將1731克月球土壤帶回地球，這是 自1976年蘇聯「月球24號」以來，人 類再次從月球取回樣本。這次任務 不僅展示了中國在航天領域的技術 突破，也為人類探索月球資源提供 了重要契機。當我被送進實驗室 時，科學家們開始了一系列的研 究，試圖揭示我蘊藏的秘密。 「氦-3」解決能源危機 我其中1克的月壤最終被送到 中國科學院物理研究所和南京大學 等聯合團隊，他們發現當中的鈦鐵 礦顆粒表面存在一層「月壤玻璃」， 通過高分辨透射電鏡結合電子能量 損失譜法，團隊觀察到玻璃層中有 大量直徑大約5至25nm氦氣泡，它 是一種非凡的元素——氦-3。這種 稀有的氦同位素，可能是解決地球 能源危機的潛在答案。 氦-3是一種穩定的同位素，含 有2個質子和1個中子。與常見的 氦-4不同，氦-3最大的特性在於它 能夠用於「核聚變」反應，而不會產 生高放射性的副產物。 「核聚變」是一種模仿太陽發光 發熱的過程，通過將輕元素的原子 核融合成更重的原子核來釋放巨大 的能量。與目前核裂變技術相比， 核聚變被認為是更乾淨、更安全的 能源選擇。 由於氦-3放射性低，可用於一 些特殊的醫學成像技術，如磁力共 振掃描（MRI），以及低溫物理學及 量子物理學等領域上。 3大優勢 氦-3是最備受期待，作為未來 核融合的燃料，因為與傳統能源相 比，氦-3具有以下顯著優勢： 1.清潔無污染：氦-3核聚變不會產 生高放射性廢料，避免核裂變技 術的環境風險。 2.高能量密度：氦-3核聚變的能量 密度極高，1公斤氦-3的核聚變能 量，相當於數百萬桶石油。 3.可持續性：月球表面的氦-3資源 足以支持人類數千年的能源需 求，為解決地球能源危機提供了 長期解決方案。 月壤氦-3來源及提取 地球上的氦-3含量極少，主要 是因為地球的大氣層和磁場屏蔽 了來自太陽風的氦-3。月球就大大 不同了，月球沒有大氣層和磁場， 直接曝露於太陽風中。數十億年 來，太陽風暴中的氦-3粒子沉積在 月球表面，形成了豐富的資源。據 估計，月球表面至少蘊藏100萬噸 氦-3，其中僅需約25噸氦-3便足以滿 足全人類一年的能源需求。 以往研究認為提取氦-3的過程 相對複雜，需要將月球土壤運回地 球，或者在月球上建立設施，將月 球土壤加熱到700℃至900℃才能釋 放氦-3。這技術不但耗能較高，而 且速度慢，不利於在月球上開採。 不過這次研究人員發現，有望 不需要高溫加熱，在常溫下通過機 械破碎方法提取以氣泡形式儲存的 氦-3。 而且鈦鐵礦顆粒具有弱磁性， 可以利用磁力去篩選，與其他月壤 顆粒分開，有利達到在月球上原地 開採。 研究人員估算，月球上以氣 泡形式儲藏的氦-3總量或高達26萬 噸，如果全部以核聚變產生能源， 已經可以足夠地球2600年的能源需 求。 開發與使用難題 氦-3的使用亦有不少挑戰。首 先，從月球開採氦-3，需要巨大的 經濟投入與技術支持，從發射探測 器到建設月球基地，再使用精密的 機器和設備進行採樣，每一步都極 為昂貴，而這種高度自主化的技術 和精密控制技術，相對現有的技術 水準來說仍然是一個巨大的挑戰。 即使能夠成功採集氦-3，亦須使用 昂貴的運輸技術和設備，如太空飛 行器和返回艙才能帶回地球。 第二個難題，就是開採氦-3技 術的難度和風險，開採過程需要解 決很多技術問題和安全隱患，如月 球環境中的輻射、溫度變化、塵埃 和電磁干擾等，而且核聚變技術尚 未完全成熟，人類仍要努力攻克穩 定且可控的核聚變反應。 最後，月球資源開採涉及國際 法規與倫理問題，如何在國際社 會中達成共識，確保資源的公平分 配，也是未來需要解決的課題。 作為到訪的月球土壤，我見證 了人類對再生能源的無盡追求。 氦-3的發現，讓人類在能源領域看 到曙光，或許有一天，月球將成為 人類的再生能源基地，為地球輸送 源源不絕的清潔能源。人類不懈的 探索，讓我相信這一天終會到來！ 小思考，大智慧 1. 在月球土壤還有沒有發現甚麼有 利於人類生活的元素？ 2「. 嫦娥五號」跟「嫦姨六號」提取的 月球樣本有甚麼分別？ 參考答案 1. 經過多年研究，中國科學院團隊 於2024年發現，使用「高溫氧化 還原反應」的方法，可以在1噸月 球土壤中產出超過50公斤的水， 即足以供應50人一天飲水量。 這些水亦可用於灌溉植物，以及 透過電化學方式分解成氫氣和氧 氣。 2「. 嫦娥五號」的月球樣本是從月球 正面採集的，而「嫦娥六號」則是 從月球背面採集回來；另外， 「嫦娥五號」的取樣區域是月球地 質年齡最年輕的區域，而「嫦娥 六號」則選擇在月球最古老的南 極——艾特肯盆地取樣。 星島教室 航天與天文 鄭俊傑 中華基督教會 協和小學（長沙灣） 副校長 王溢濠 中華基督教會 協和小學（長沙灣） 老師 作者介紹 我是月球土壤，數十億年來，我目睹 太陽升起又落下，感受過無數次太陽風暴 的洗禮。然而，一場改變命運的旅程開始 了。伴隨着咆哮的探測器，我離開月球， 跨越38萬公里的距離來到了地球。對於我 來說，這裏的一切都新奇而不可思議。當 科研人員將我從封閉的容器中取出時，我 期望他們能在我身上找到足以改變地球未 來的秘密，因為我正準備為人類點燃一場 再生能源的革命風暴！ 本欄，由教育評議會邀請資 深中小學老師、校長及大學講師 撰稿，旨在為學生提供多元化的 STEAM學習材料，引發學生探求知 識的興趣，將學習融入生活，培養 學生的世界觀、敏銳的觸覺、積極 學習的態度。 讀社論學 英文 South Korean President Yoon Suk-yeol's sudden declaration of emergency martial law was ultimately overturned by a parliamentary vote and personally rescinded by him. This unnecessary political farce, lasting only six hours, has left Yoon humiliated and isolated, wi th cal l s from hi s own rul ing party for his resignation and opposition parties filing impeachment motions. It is evident that Yoon has lost the governance legitimacy, and his political future seems coming to an end. However, believing that his resignation will calm the political chaos may be wishful thinking. "Small govt, big opposition" hampers rule In the 2022 presidential election, Yoon, a former prosecutor representing the People Power Party, defeated Lee Jae-myung of the Democratic Party by a margin of less than 0.8 per cent, indicating weak public support. Shortly after taking office, he faced scrutiny from the opposition, including allegations against the First Lady accepting luxury handbags and stock manipulation, government inaction on Japan's release of nuclear waste water and heightened tens ions between the two Koreas . These culminated in the People Power Party's defeat in the April 2024 parliamentary elections, resulting in a "small government, big opposition" scenario. Yoon's approval rating was as high as 53 per cent shortly after he took office in June 2022, partly because South Koreans believed his background would bring transparency, fairness and efficiency to politics. However, disillusionment grew as time passed. By the eve of his martial law announcement, support had plummeted to under 20 per cent. Yoon's declaration of martial law without warning stemmed from complex motivations. The trigger was opposition lawmakers' proposal to drastically cut budgets for key institutions, including the presidential office, prosecution, police and state audit agency. He accused the opposition of hijacking the parliament, even labelling it "proNorth Korea". The martial law proved a disastrous misstep. In South Korea's democratic era, parliamentary disputes are commonplace, and opposition parties frequently use their majority to block government actions. But Yoon's authoritarian era framing of them as "anti-state forces" or even attempt to restrict freedoms covering speech, press, assembly, association, etc. enshrined in the constitution was out of step with public sentiment. He also knew that the opposition had enough votes to overturn the decree, and most cabinet members even opposed it. Yet he persisted - a sign of poor judgment. Military does not blindly follow order Historically, the military is indispensable in a successful martial law or coup. The extent to which it obeys the leader determines the effectiveness. Yoon lacks a strong tie with the military, which undermines any potential for a coup. In fact, just after the parliamentary vote and before Yoon announced the lifting of martial law, the military had already ended the operation, not blindly following the order. From this perspective, the current South Korean military is markedly different from that of the Park Chung-hee era. The shortest martial law in history has come to an end while Yoon lost everything in this suicidal gamble. Previously, even with his low approval ratings, the public still recognized him as the legitimate president and would have allowed him to complete his term. Following this incident, it is certain that more people will lose confidence and call for his resignation. So, he should resign to retain some dignity. Otherwise, impeachment (which requires a two-thirds majority in the National Assembly and review by the Constitutional Court) would lead to disgrace and infamy. Then, would Yoon's resignation necessarily calm the political chaos? It is likely more complicated. During this farce, Democratic Party leader Lee Jae-myung called on the public to rally at the National Assembly and even led the charge by climbing over the wall, becoming a hero in public opinion. This could help him win the next election. However, he is also embroiled in scandals such as embezzlement, making him no "cleaner" than Yoon. His opponents will undoubtedly pursue him relentlessly. South Korea's political turmoil will only be ongoing. 翻譯自2024年12月5日《星島日報》社論 （http://std.stheadline.com/） 1. The word _____ in the first paragraph is the opposite of "put in force". 2. Yoon Suk-yeol faced _____ from the opposition soon after taking office. 3. In the passage, the word _____ means "wrong action". 4. The recent _____ ratings for Yoon have been low. 5. According to the last paragraph, South Korea's _____ turmoil will continue. Answers 1. rescinded 2. scrutiny 3. misstep 4. approval 5. political & Q A rescind (v) —— 撤銷 impeachment (n) —— 彈劾 scrutiny (n) —— 審查 culminate (v) —— 告終 disillusionment (n) —— 醒悟 misstep (n) —— 失策 decree (n) —— 法令 infamy (n) —— 臭名昭著 martial law —— 戒嚴 political farce —— 政治鬧劇 wishful thinking —— 一廂情願 stock manipulation —— 操縱股價 The declarat ion of mar t ial law at tempted to ban pol itical activity and censor the media in the Asia's fourth-largest economy and a key US ally. It sparked outrage in the streets and concern among its international allies. The martial law crisis rattled global financial markets and South Korea's benchmark KOSPI index. Vocabulary Useful Terms Did you know? S Korea's martial law ends abruptly, turmoil ongoing 翻譯︰George D6 侷芎 05.02.2025 星期五
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