何謂「摩擦力」？ 你或許覺得摩擦力只是課本上 的名詞，但它其實是一個隱形的「操 控高手」。當鉛筆在紙上輕鬆寫字， 不會打滑；當手機放在桌面上，不 會自己滑走，背後都是摩擦力在默 默發揮作用。 「摩擦力」是指物體在接觸面上 移動時所受到的阻力。它看似簡 單，卻會根據物體是否移動，擁 有兩種「身份」：靜摩擦力：像守門 員，阻止物體開始滑動；動摩擦 力：像追趕者，物體一旦移動，它 就緊跟不放。 摩擦力大小與多種因素有關， 它取決於材質、表面粗糙度，甚至 重量。而在自然界，動物早已把這 門「摩擦學」玩得出神入化，牠們的 身體結構就是一套精密的摩擦力設 計，幫助牠們在各種環境中生存。 壁虎腳掌：摩擦力奇蹟 壁虎是摩擦力應用的代表性動 物之一，牠們能在垂直牆壁甚至天 花板上自由行走，關鍵在於腳掌上 的微細毛髮結構。這 些 毛髮稱為「剛毛」，每 根剛毛再分成數百 個更細分支，能與牆面產生「范德華 力」——一種微弱但大量存在的分子 間吸引力。雖然「范德華力」不是摩 擦力本身，但兩者共同作用，使壁 虎能穩穩黏附在牆上。腳掌的微結 構增加接觸面積，提升摩擦力與黏 附力，形成不需液體或膠水的「乾式 黏附」技術，適用於多種材質。 科學家仿照壁虎腳掌研發出「壁 虎膠」，具高黏性、可重複使用且不 留痕跡，並廣泛應用於多個領域。 例如太空任務中，在無法使用傳統 膠水的環境提供穩定黏附力；醫療 領域製作貼片，能溫和黏貼皮膚、 不刺激且可重複使用；機械人技術 也採用此仿生設計，使機械人能像 壁虎在牆面移動或抓取物品。這些 創新不僅提升黏貼技術的靈活性， 更展現仿生科技的巨大潛力。 蛇滑行：絕妙分配藝術 蛇沒有腳，卻 能在地面上快速移 動，靠的是身 體 與 地 面 之間的摩 擦 力 。 牠們的移動方式包括「側向滑行」、 「直線滑行」、「捲曲滑行」，每一種 都巧妙利用摩擦力。蛇肚有特別的 鱗片，能夠在不同方向產生不同摩 擦力。 當牠們往前爬行時，有些鱗片 增加摩擦力固定身體，其他部分則 減少摩擦力讓身體滑動。這種「摩擦 力分配」的能力，讓蛇能在沙地、 泥地、草地甚至水中自由移動。蛇 的鱗片排列方向與表面紋理，能夠 控制摩擦力的方向性。這種「各向異 性摩擦」讓蛇能夠有效地推動身體前 進。 科學家受到蛇的啟發，設計出 「蛇形機械人」。這些機械人能在瓦 礫堆中穿梭救援，也能鑽進狹窄管 道檢查，甚至有微型機械人可以進 入人體進行微創手術。蛇形機械人 模仿蛇控制摩擦力的方式，在複雜 地形中穩定移動，展現出靈活性和 適應力。這些發明不但讓我們更了 解動物的智慧，亦顯示仿生科技的 驚人潛力。 企鵝疾滑：減摩擦技巧 企鵝在冰面上滑行時，會用肚 子貼地滑動，藉此降低摩擦力。 牠們的羽毛具有防水與防寒功能， 同時亦可降低與冰面的摩擦力，讓 牠們滑得更遠、更快。這種滑行方 式不僅節省能量，也能快速逃離掠 食者。企鵝的羽毛排列緊密，表面 光滑，進一步減少與冰面的接觸阻 力，加上身體重心低，讓滑行過程 更穩定。 這項自然原理亦啟發了人類的 設計，例如滑雪服採用仿企鵝羽毛 的防水與減摩特性，提升速度與舒 適度；極地探測裝備則在雪地車底 部運用低摩擦設計，以提高冰面滑 行效率；運動器材如滑板與雪橇， 表面塗層亦是參考了羽毛結構來減 少摩擦。這些應用讓人類在極端環 境中能更高效地移動，並改善運動 表現。 螞蟻搬運：群體合「擦」 螞蟻能搬動比自身重量重上數十 倍的物品，除了強大的肌肉力量，牠 們還巧妙運用地面摩擦力來穩定身 體。當多隻螞蟻合作搬運時，摩擦力 幫助牠們保持平衡並維持方 向。 螞蟻的腳掌擁有細 小的爪子與黏性墊， 能在不同表面上產生 適當的摩擦力，牠們能 在垂直牆面、樹幹甚至 天花板上行走。更 令人驚奇的是， 螞蟻的腳掌能 根據表面材質 調整摩擦力， 這種「自適應摩 擦」能力讓牠們 在複雜地形中，依 然穩定移動。 這種行動方式啟發科學家研發出 能在狹小空間中穩定移動的微型探索 機械人，用於建築檢測或災後搜救； 仿生黏附系統亦模仿螞蟻腳掌的黏性 結構，讓機械人可在垂直表面上靈活 行走；另外，群體機械人協作技術借 鑑螞蟻的搬運行為，讓多台小型機械 人能協同完成大型任務。這些創新展 現了摩擦力在微型工程與群體智能中 的關鍵作用。 摩擦力常被視為阻力，但在自然 界，它是動物生存與移動的關鍵力 量。從壁虎的攀爬到蛇的滑行，從企 鵝的疾滑到螞蟻的搬運，摩擦力無處 不在，支撐着生命的運作。更令人驚 歎的是，這些自然巧思正啟發人類科 技，從仿生材料到機械人設計，從極 地裝備到微型裝置，皆源自動物的智 慧。理解摩擦力，不僅是學習物理， 更是開啟觀察自然與探索未來科技的 窗口。 小思考，大智慧 如果未來要設計一款能在玻璃牆 面和粗糙岩壁上都穩定移動的機械 人，你認為除了模仿壁虎的腳掌結 構，還須考慮哪些因素？ 參考答案 可能還須考慮： ‧材料選擇：確保黏附系統在不同表 面都能保持性能。 ‧重量與重心設計：避免因重力影響 而脫落。 ‧能量消耗：黏附與移動機制須高 效，避免過度耗電。 ‧環境適應性：能夠在潮濕、灰塵或 溫度極端的環境中，維持黏附力。 星島教室 物理 你每天都在和它打交道，卻幾乎沒察覺它 的存在——摩擦力。它讓我們能走路不滑倒、 汽車能停下、物品能握在手中。但你知道嗎？ 在自然界，摩擦力更是動物生存的秘密武器！ 有些生物甚至為了「操控摩擦」而進化出令人 驚歎的身體構造。現在就揭開動物如何巧妙利 用摩擦力生存，並看看這些自然界的智慧，如 何啟發人類科技的突破——從仿生機械人到未 來材料，摩擦力的奧秘遠比你想像的精彩！ 葉穎琦 中華基督教會 何福堂小學 主任 吳錦玲 中華基督教會 何福堂小學 主任 作者介紹 本欄逢周四刊登，由教育評議會 邀請資深中小學老師、校長及大學 講師撰稿，旨在為學生提供多元化的 STEAM學習材料，引發學生探求知識 的興趣，將學習融入生活，培養學生 的世界觀、敏銳的觸覺、積極學習的 態度。 讀社論學 英文 South Korean President Lee Jae Myung paid a state visit to China from January 4 to 7. This trip is of extraordinary significance, marking the thaw of long-term China-South Korea "deep freeze" and thus opening up room for cooperation. China and South Korea, close neighbours separated only by a narrow strip of water, have tight connections across many fields and numerous common strategic interests. Allowing the "freeze" would be profoundly unwise. Lee's proactive efforts to improve relations reflect his pragmatic and enterprising approach. While the visit may not eliminate all frictions, it will certainly steer relations along a healthy path. Yoon Suk Yeol contains China with US China-South Korea relations had been through difficult times. In 2016, Seoul insisted on allowing the US to deploy its THAAD anti-missile system, angering Beijing. The so-cal led "Korean restr ict ion order" was introduced at that time (though Beijing has never acknowledged it). After Yoon Suk Yeol of the Conservative Party took office in 2022, his excessive tilt toward the US and Japan in defence, trade, technology, etc. as well as cooperation with the US to strategically contain China left no objective conditions for improving relations. However , thei r economic t ies never truly broke. In 2024, bilateral trade reached US$328 billion, with US$242.3 billion in last year's first three quarters alone. China has been South Korea's largest trading partner for 21 consecutive years, while South Korea is China's second-largest trading partner after the US. Clearly, neither country can do without the other. From this perspective, the ban was unfortunate, as it limited the potential for bilateral relations. The key lies in whether the South Korean leader has the courage and wisdom to take the first step and change past negative approaches. With Yoon stepping down early last year due to the imposition of martial law, the two countries finally ushered in a major opportunity. First, Lee and President Xi Jinping met at the APEC summit in Gyeongju early last November, followed by this trip - the first state visit to China by a South Korean president in nearly nine years. Lee is completely different from Yoon. He bears far less ideological burden and is not obsessed wi th fol lowing the US in containing China. He advocates balanced and pragmatic diplomacy. Although China i s a r i va l i n a r ea s s uch a s au t omob i l e manufacturing, petrochemicals and shipbuilding, Lee understands that there is vast room for cooperat ion in emerging f ields including artificial intelligence, green industries and the silver economy. The two economies are also highly complementary with deeply intertwined industrial chains: about half of South Korea's rare earth mineral supply comes from China, while China is South Korea's largest export market for semiconductors. In fact, apart from government off icials, the delegation accompany ing Lee inc l uded 200 s eni or corporate executives - among them the heads of Samsung, Hyundai Motor, LG, SK, etc. - fully reflecting the strong consensus and expectations within the political and business circles for strengthening cooperation. Ban lift just round the corner Lee ' s "complete s incer i ty" i s not an exaggeration. China is the first country he visited in the new year, clearly signalling his intention to turn a new page in relations. Recent ly, when meet ing members of the South Korean expat r iate communi ty in China, he stated that restoration of ChinaSouth Korea relations would be "one of the most important diplomatic achievements" of his administration. This is not empty rhetoric. Good relation brings many benefits, not only smoothing out business cooperation but also addressing the Korean Peninsula issue, with positive implications for peace in Northeast Asia and even the world. Lee clearly sees what Yoon does not. Of course, we should not expect South Korea to distance itself from the US. Lee will still follow the most important ally on certain major issues. As long as he exercises prudence on matters involving China's core interests - for example, support for the "One China" principle and not sending wrong signals to pro-Taiwan Independence forces, China will respond positively. Lee's visit has been productive: at the very least, it achieved an "ice-breaking" effect and promoted steady progres s in re lat ions . The l i f t ing of the "Korean restriction order" will indeed not be too far away. 翻譯自1月6日《星島日報》社論 （http://std.stheadline.com/） Lee's ice-breaking visit opens a new chapter 翻譯︰George thaw (n) ——解凍時期 enterprising (adj) ——進取的 steer (v) ——帶領 tilt (n) ——傾向 usher (v) ——引導 intertwined (adj) ——纏繞在一起的 rhetoric (n) ——修辭 distance (v) ——使疏遠 Vocabulary martial law——戒嚴令 ideological burden ——意識形態包袱 silver economy ——銀髮經濟 expatriate community ——僑民社群 Useful Terms President Xi Jinping called on his visiting South Korean counterpart on January 5 to join Beijing in making the "right strategic choices" in a world that is "becoming more complex and turbulent". Beijing and Seoul "bear important responsibilities" in upholding peace in the region, Xi said, noting that the sides "have broad common interests". Did you know? 1. The word _____ in the first paragraph is the opposite of "passive". 2. Yoon Suk Yeol's excessive _____ toward the US and Japan left no objective conditions for improving relations with China. 3. In the passage, the word _____ means "connected". 4. Lee Jae Myung's visit to China shows with "complete _____". 5. According to the last paragraph, the "Korean _____ order" may be lifted soon. Answers 1. enterprising / proactive 2. tilt 3. intertwined 4. sincerity 5. restriction & Q A D6 侷芎 05.08.2026 星期五
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