早期太空食品不「好吃」? 太空和地球的環境很不一樣, 在微重力的環境下,不論食物的碎 屑抑或飲料形成的水點,都會到處 漂浮。這些漂浮物有機會影響太空 站的設備,令儀器損壞,更有可能 進入太空人的呼吸道,對生命構成 威脅。因此早期科學家設計太空食 物時,首要考慮是安全,其次才是 營養和便捷。 早期的太空餐常見的是泥狀 食物、半固體膏糊或粉末,並 存放在特殊容器中,太空人用 擠壓或吸管就可以吃到。1961年, 蘇聯太空人加加林成為第一位在太 空進食的人,他吃的是擠壓出來的 肉泥和巧克力,更使科學家證明人 類可以在微重力環境下正常進食、 吞咽,以及消化。後來美國發展出 冷凍乾燥食品、小立方體食品和營 養棒,方便保存與使用。 太空飲食多元進化 隨着各國載人航天能力提升,太 空飲食亦更注重文化與心理需求。 1980年代,隨着加熱與淨化技術提 升,太空飲食開始向更多樣化、較接 近地面餐食的方向發展,例如可填餡 的玉米餅等,逐步改善口感與選擇 性。 到2003年中國「神舟五號」為楊利 偉準備了多達20餘種食物;2012年 「神舟九號」配備70多種中式菜餚與在 軌加熱裝置;到「神舟十三號」任務, 食品種類超過120款,更包括魚香肉 絲、宮保雞丁、新鮮蘋果、餡料餃子 和甜品等。 熱傳遞差難烤烘 地球上的「烤箱原理」其實就是依 靠3種熱傳遞的方法:傳導、對流和 輻射,當中最重要的是對流。當空氣 變熱,密度降低而上升,冷空氣下沉 形成循環, 熱能就可以均勻散布於 整個烤箱內。 不過在微重力環境下,空氣不會 因為密度差異而上下流動,對流幾乎 不存在,因此熱能會集中在接近加熱 元件的地方,引致烤箱內的熱力分布 差異非常大。另外,食物在太空中不 能穩穩地放在加熱板上,熱傳導功能 也變得很差。若只靠輻射加熱,食物 表面可能先熟但內裏還沒熟,甚至出 現「一邊過熟、一邊未熟」的情況。這 些都是讓在太空烘烤變得複雜的原 因。 烤爐設計迷思 工程師基於這些挑戰,把不同領 域的知識結合起來,設計出適合在太 空使用的烘烤機︰ 1. 強制對流設計︰在烤爐內設置小風 扇或造出壓縮空氣通道,讓空氣循 環及模擬出地球上對流的效果,讓 熱空氣均勻地 分布四周。 2. 流體力學設計︰ 工程師利用流體力學規劃風道, 控制風速和方向,避免風太強讓 食物碎屑飛散,也避免風太弱達 不到熱循環效果。 3. 容器設計︰用籤架及夾具把食物固 定好,確保它和熱源有適當距離。 ‧油煙如何留在烤箱? 在地球,我們的廚房習慣裝上抽 油煙機,把油煙與味道抽到室外。 不過在太空站其實沒有「室外」可以排 放,所以烘烤機必須把產生的油煙、 微粒和揮發性有機物(VOCs)在源頭 處理好,再把乾淨的空氣送回太空站 內。因此,烤箱內部必須形成一個密 閉回路,讓空氣在爐內循環,而不是 把油煙直接送到艙內。 中國航天員科研訓練中心的工 程師把抽油煙機「反其道而行」,把 過濾與處理裝在爐子裏,以達到太 空站的排放標準。另外,更會透 過多段過濾,即先用粗濾網攔截大 顆粒,再用細濾網捕捉微小顆粒, 最後通過活性碳吸附味道與部分 VOCs,在源頭把大部分油煙和味 道截住。對於一些難分解的有機氣 體,系統會加熱到較高溫度或用催 化方法把它們分解,變成較無害的 物質,減少健康風險。 烤爐的設計更利用導流槽引導 飛出的油滴或液體,通過離心或低壓 吸入方式收集到容器,避免形成漂浮 的油滴污染艙內。最後烤箱門有多 重密封與機械互鎖,系統會實時 監測壓差、溫度與氣體成分,若發 現異常會立刻切斷加熱並啟動隔離程 序,保護太空人與設備安全。 ‧怎烘烤才省電又有效率? 太空站的能源非常珍貴有限, 所有設備都要盡可能節能,因此, 工程師把烤爐瞬時功率降低。為補 償功率問題,工程師把加熱溫度從 過去的100℃提高到190℃,再配合 較長的烘烤時間,讓食物能完成化 學變化(如蛋白質變性、糖化反應 等)。另外,烤爐使用高效加熱元件 與優良絕熱材料,把熱能集中在烤 箱內,減少熱量散失。工程師亦會 把烤箱產生的多餘熱量回收,再供 艙內其他地方使用,以提升整體能 源利用率。 隨着人類計畫建立月球基地及 進行火星探索,太空廚房需要更高 的自動化、可靠性與效能。同時, 依靠地面補給既昂貴又不穩定,未 來更多食物會在太空生產:例如在 艙內或月球基地種植葉菜和豆類, 或利用微藻或細胞培養技術生產蛋 白質,以豐富飲食種類與營養成 分。此外,隨着科技進步,在軌烹 飪將會變得更安全及美味,亦可給 太空人帶來家的感覺,未來的太空 廚房或有自動烹飪程序,甚至能根 據太空人口味作出個性化調整。 太空食品的發展是一條技術與 人文並進的道路。每一次小小的突 破,都代表着我們在陌生環境中重 建「家」的一步。 小思考,大智慧 1. 為甚麼在微重力環境下,烘烤雞翼 產生出來的油分會變成球狀? 2. 文中提及工程師把烤爐的「功率」降 低,請問「功率」是甚麼? 參考答案 1. 沒有地球重力影響,表面張力成為 了主導力量。液體具有凝聚力—— 形成表面張力的一大因素,會造成 液體表面分子的吸引力大於外部分 子的吸引力,令分子產生收縮的趨 勢,以最小化其表面積,所以油自 然形成球狀。 2.「功率」是指單位時間內傳遞或轉換 的能量。簡單來說,電器的功率即 是設備在一段時間內所消耗的電 能,功率越高,耗電越大。功率 是以瓦特(W)作為單位,1瓦特表 示每秒用1焦耳的能量。不同電器 的功率不同,一般焗爐的功率是 500至1500W;桌上型電腦的功率 約200至500W;冷氣機的功率約 1000至2000W。以1000W為例, 若使用30分鐘,所消耗的能量會是 1000×30×60=180萬焦耳。如果 你想減少耗電,為環保出一分力, 便要多留意如何正確使用電器,例 如有待機功能的電器,如果長時間 不使用便會切斷電源,以減少不必 要的能源消耗。 星島教室 科技與生活 王溢濠 中華基督教會協和小學(長沙灣) 老師 鄭俊傑 中華基督教會協和小學(長沙灣) 副校長 2025年11月,「神舟二十一號」上的熱風烘烤機在中國太空站 投入使用。太空人從包裝袋取出預先醃好的雞翼,小心翼翼地固定在 籤架上放入烤爐,經過28分鐘的期待,人類第一盤太空烤雞翼正式 出爐!這個看起來像廚房的日常小事,其實對航天科學而言,意義卻 十分重大,因為它證明了科學家可以突破微重力環境完成「烘烤」任 務,更讓太空人可以在太空站聞到熟悉的味道、吃到暖心的飯菜。太 空食品的變化不但是航天工程的進步,還代表着我們為追求「家」的 感覺而付出的努力。 本欄,由教育評議會邀請資深中 小學老師、校長及大學講師撰稿,旨 在為學生提供多元化的STEAM學習材 料,引發學生探求知識的興趣,將學 習融入生活,培養學生的世界觀、敏 銳的觸覺、積極學習的態度。 作者介紹 讀社論學 英文 After nearly 40 days, the prolonged farce of US government shutdown is finally showing signs of resolution. In the early hours of November 10 Hong Kong time, the US Senate "narrowly" passed a temporary bill with 60 votes in favour and 40 against, allowing short-term funding for federal agencies to reopen. However, since the bill requires approval from the House of Representatives and President Donald Trump, it will likely take another one to two days before coming into effect. Markets are now closely watching when and how various key economic data delayed will be released. Mishandling the process can lead to greater confusion. Power struggle and electoral battle As o f November 10 , the US f edera l government has been shut down for 39 days, breaking the previous record of 35 days set during Trump's first term in late 2018 to early 2019. The cause, as before, stems from the inability of Democrats and Republicans to reach consensus on a government funding bill. Although Republicans hold a majority in the Senate and should theoretically have enough votes to pass the bill, Democratic senators launched a "filibuster" to pressure Republicans. But with Trump firmly refusing to compromise, the stalemate has dragged on for over a month. One of the main points of contention between the two parties is whether to continue funding the basic healthcare programme under the Affordable Care Act. Trump and Republicans argued that the programme has long been abused by illegal immigrants and that its costs are unsustainable, calling for drastic cuts or even termination. Democrats, on the other hand, not only opposed any funding freeze but are demanding increased allocations, tying it together with the temporary government funding bill, much like how Hong Kong's "mutual destruction camp" linked universal retirement protection and the so-called "five demands" with the annual budget. However , by now, the shutdown has gone far beyond policies such as healthcare or spending. It has evolved into a broader power struggle and electoral tug of war. Trump seeks to blame Democrats, accusing them of ignoring the economy and livelihood. But Democrats used the shutdown to attack Republicans thereby gaining momentum for recent local and upcoming midterm elections. Democrat candidate Zohran Mamdani, a South Asian muslim, won the New York City mayoral election despite Trump's heavy smear campaign. It is seen as a victory for Democrats in this political battle. With both parties refusing to back down, the Amer icans eventual ly suf fered. Near ly 900,000 federal employees had been forced into unpaid leave due to the government's lack of funds, while another 700,000 essential personnel continued to work without pay. These figures do not even include contractors. Meanwhile, around 42 million low-income Americans who rely on the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program are facing hunger as funding runs out. Economically, the most immediate impact is on airport operations. Some air traffic controllers have been forced to take leave, while some refused unpaid work, leading to thousands of flight cancellations daily and over ten thousand delays, dealing a heavy blow to air travel and tourism. Combined with earlier tariff effects, there are shortages of certain imported goods. Federal workers and aviation bear the brunt Another is the disruption in the regular collection and release of key economic data handled by federal agencies, including the non-farm payroll and consumer price index (CPI) figures for September and October. These indicators are vital for businesses and investors. The Federal Reserve's interest rate decisions in particular will influence not only US but global financial markets. Fed Chair Jerome Powell recently likened the situation to "driving in the fog" sparking concerns that the Fed may delay further rate cuts. With the shutdown nearing its end, both US stock futures the night before and Hong Kong stocks on November 10 posted significant gains. But, many uncertainties remain, including whether the AI bubble has burst or is it merely a shortterm correction. How strong or weak the delayed data will be? Will the authorities first issue outdated reports (if any), the latest figures or both old and new data all at once, taking investors from "pitchblack darkness" into "blinding light"? These scenarios could create very different market reactions and levels of chaos with outcomes that are, as yet, impossible to predict. 翻譯自2025年11月11日《星島日報》社論 (http://std.stheadline.com/) US shutdown ending, financial data fallout brings uncertainty 翻譯︰George farce (n) ——鬧劇 filibuster (n) ——拉布 stalemate (n) ——僵局 contention (n) ——爭議 evolve (v) ——形成 contractor (n) ——承辦商 liken (v) ——比喻 correction (n) ——調整 Vocabulary power struggle ——權力鬥爭 smear campaign ——抹黑 unpaid leave ——無薪假 air traffic controller ——空管人員 Useful Terms As the news of the way for a formal debate on a motion to resume funding to federal agencies being cleared by the US Senate emerged, President Donald Trump told reporters when he arrived at the White House after a weekend at his Mar-aLago estate in Florida: "It looks like we're getting very close to the shutdown ending." Did you know? 1. The word _____ in the first paragraph is the opposite of "vastly". 2. US Democratic senators launched a "_____" to stop a government funding bill. 3. In the passage, the word _____ means "compared". 4. The shutdown resulted in the _____ in the regular collection and release of key economic data. 5. According to the last paragraph, many uncertainties remain in market reactions and levels of _____ after US economic indicators are released. Answers 1. narrowly 2. filibuster 3. likened 4. disruption 5. chaos & Q A D6 侷芎 04.29.2026 星期三
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy ODc1MTYz